By Margo Kirchner Twelve judges will change assignments in Milwaukee County Circuit Court effective Aug. 1, 2025. Chief Judge Carl Ashley announced new assignments on March 31. Because of the court’s size, its 47 judges are separated into divisions to handle one type of case. Divisions include criminal felony, criminal misdemeanor, children, family, and civil, with specialties within some of the divisions. The court’s guidelines about rotations indicate that judicial rotations are based on a judge’s length of service in the present division and various judges’ requests, among other things. Judges who have served more than six years normally spend about four years in a division. Newer judges normally serve two to three years in a division and then are moved so they experience more areas of law. Assignments to small claims court are generally just one year unless the judge volunteers to remain. However, the chief judge makes the final assignment decisions based on the needs of the court as a whole and considerations such as a judge’s seniority, background, and expertise, plus stakeholder feedback. Assignments to problem-solving courts, such as drug-treatment court, take into account a judge’s additional specialized knowledge and training. Problem-solving courts include collaborative work and use of various interventions to treat defendants while still holding them accountable. Here are the announced 2025 rotations: 
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 By Margo Kirchner
Just nine judicial races across Wisconsin were contested in yesterday's elections. Susan Crawford’s win in the Wisconsin Supreme Court race, of course, made headlines in Wisconsin and nationally. But what happened in the other eight races, all in circuit court? Here are the results based on still-unofficial reports from the respective counties. The Marinette County and Racine County outcomes were quite close. Jefferson County Branch 1: Incumbent Will Gruber beat challenger John Jack Chavez almost 2-to-1 in the vote count. Jefferson County Branch 2: Incumbent Theresa Beck held off challenger Jennifer Weber, with only about 1,100 votes separating them. La Crosse County: Joe Veenstra edged out Eric Sanford for an open seat on the bench, with about 1,500 votes separating them. Marinette County: Incumbent Peggy Miller held off challenger DeShea Morrow, winning by just 138 votes out of almost 14,000 votes cast in that race. Racine County: Challenger Jamie McClendon beat incumbent Jon Frederickson by just 55 votes out of more than 60,000 votes cast in that race. St. Croix County: Brian T. Smestad prevailed over Heather M. Amos for an open seat, with a difference of about 2,750 votes. Waukesha County Branch 4: Challenger David Maas won against incumbent Bridget Schoenborn, 51.4% to 48.1%, with about 5,500 votes separating them. Waukesha County Branch 6: Zach Wittchow prevailed over former judge Fred Strampe, 57.9% to 41.7%, for the open seat currently held by Brad Schimel. By Alexandria Staubach Let’s talk about the other judicial races. While the Supreme Court race has garnered national attention and millions in spending, next week’s ballots also include 53 other judicial candidates. WJI’s blog is archived back to late 2015, and we’ve previously published information on most candidates. Whether it’s coverage of their written opinions, appointment applications to Gov. Evers and former Gov. Walker, or in the case of Lena Taylor coverage of their record in the Wisconsin Legislature, we’ve written something on everyone you’ll find below. Information about judicial candidates can be hard to find and old good information is better than no information. Even if you’ve got an uncontested race on your ticket, WJI encourages you to find your candidates below and check out our previous coverage of them! And of course we’ve written about Supreme Court candidates Susan Crawford and Brad Schimel, too. Look for their names in the categories to the right. COURT OF APPEALS District 2 Mark Gundrum https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/gundrum-derided-settlement-to-end-inmate-abuse https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/walking-faster-is-hot-pursuit-appeals-judge-says https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/judge-gundrum-oks-language-state-rep-gundrum-proposed https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/appeals-court-strikes-down-seizure-overreach https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/state-appeals-court-strikes-down-wisconsin-diversity-aid-grant-program https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/illegal-questioning-taint-disappears-in-minutes-court-says https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/appeals-court-expands-allowable-owi-car-searches https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/racine-firm-improperly-discriminated-because-of-a-criminal-conviction-appeals-panel-rules https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/court-of-appeals-reverses-brad-schimel-in-open-meetings-case https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/its-ok-to-lie-to-trick-cognitively-challenged-man-to-get-a-confession-appeals-court-rules https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/15-year-old-waived-to-adult-court-forburglary https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/man-can-be-charged-as-adult-with-crimes-he-committed-at-9 https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/once-again-most-judicial-races-lack-competitors https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/appeals-court-chides-kenosha-da-excludes-a-dozen-witnesses District 3 Lisa K Stark https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/wow-there-are-limits-to-4th-amendment-loopholes https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/the-february-court-of-appeals-roundup https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/the-appeals-court-in-january-final-roundup https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/community-caretaker-search-claim-slapped-down-by-appeals-court https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/mowing-grass-does-not-require-diggers-hotline-call-appeals-panel-rules https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/post-polygraph-interview-invalidates-confession-appeals-court-rules https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/supreme-court-gets-juvenile-lifers-cases https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/juror-totally-clueless-was-not-confused-appeals-court https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/the-scales-of-justice-an-appeals-court-fish-story https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/court-of-appeals-reads-law-narrowly-denying-confidential-name-change-for-transgender-man https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/appeals-court-declines-to-adopt-new-exception-in-dog-sniff-case https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/police-improperly-prolonged-traffic-stop-to-investigate-for-drugs-appeals-court-rules https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/judge-showed-improper-bias-appeals-panel-says District 4 Jennifer Nashold https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/breach-of-plea-agreement-ineffective-assistance https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/appeals-court-uphold-surcharges-for-crimes-not-charged https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/probation-violations-end-criminal-record-expungement-chances-appeals-court-rules https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/once-again-most-judicial-races-lack-competitors https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/state-court-of-appeals-punts-on-marsys-law https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/appeals-panel-rules-cars-marijuana-or-cdb-smell-did-not-justify-search-of-driver https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/wisconsin-court-of-appeals-oks-resurrection-of-dismissed-conviction-in-impaired-driving-case https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/juneau-county-must-honor-nonprosecution-agreement-of-former-prosecutor-appeals-court-rules CONTESTED CIRCUIT COURT RACES Jefferson County Branch 1 Will Gruber (incumbent) https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/court-of-appeals-upholds-suppression-of-evidence-based-on-improper-seizure https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-jefferson-county-circuit-court-branch-1 John Jack Chavez https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-jefferson-county-circuit-court-branch-1 Jefferson County Branch 2 Theresa Beck https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-theresa-a-beck https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/what-happened-to-the-jefferson-county-judicial-primary Jennifer L. Weber https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/what-happened-to-the-jefferson-county-judicial-primary La Crosse County Joe Veenstra https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-la-crosse-county-circuit-court5900469 Eric Sanford https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-la-crosse-county-circuit-court5900469 Marinette County Peggy Miller (incumbent) https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-peggy-l-miller https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-marinette-county-circuit-court DeShea Morrow https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-marinette-county-circuit-court Racine County Jon Frederickson (incumbent) https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/walkers-judges-jon-e-fredrickson https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-racine-county-circuit-court3633505 Jamie McClendon https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-racine-county-circuit-court3633505 Waukesha County Branch 4 Bridget Schoenborn (incumbent) https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-bridget-j-schoenborn https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-waukesha-county-circuit-court-branch-4 David Maas https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/walkers-judges-brad-d-schimel https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-waukesha-county-circuit-court-branch-4 Waukesha County Branch 6 Zach Wittchow https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-waukesha-county-circuit-court-branch-6 Fred Strampe https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-fred-strampe https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/meet-the-candidates-for-waukesha-county-circuit-court-branch-6 UNCONTESTED CIRCUIT COURT RACES Brown County Tammy Jo Hock https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/court-of-appeals-reads-law-narrowly-denying-confidential-name-change-for-transgender-man Samantha Wagner https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-samantha-s-wagner Crawford County Lukas Steiner https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-lukas-l-steiner Dane County Payal Khandhar https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-payal-khandhar Rhonda L. Lanford https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/case-challenging-recent-constitutional-amendments-continues https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/wjis-daily-reads-for-feb-3-2022 https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/eau-claires-gabler-most-reversed-judge-in-2016 https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/lawsuit-challenging-cash-bail-amendments-gets-hearing-in-dane-county-circuit-court https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/36-judges-call-for-defense-lawyer-pay-hikes https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/wjis-daily-reads-for-april-13-2022 https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/wjis-daily-reads-for-july-18-2022 Eau Claire County Douglas Hoffer https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-douglas-j-hoffer Green County Jane Bucher https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-jane-e-bucher La Crosse County Ramona A. Gonzalez https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/the-february-court-of-appeals-roundup https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/wjis-daily-reads-for-june-1-2022 https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/judges-ask-state-supreme-court-to-limit-juvenile-shackling Lafayette County Jenna Gill https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-jenna-gill https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/breach-of-plea-agreement-ineffective-assistance Milwaukee County John Remington https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-john-r-remington https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/a-significant-number-of-new-judges-in-milwaukee-county David Swanson https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/ceasar-stinsons-widow-estate-win-open-records-appeal William Pocan https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/no-unemployment-benefits-for-worker-who-made-homophobic-remarks-appeals-court-rules https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/a-significant-number-of-new-judges-in-milwaukee-county https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/chief-judge-triggiano-reports-on-the-state-of-milwaukee-county-circuit-court Laura A. Crivello https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/walkers-judges-laura-a-crivello https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/wjis-alexandria-staubach-reports-for-jury-duty https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/state-supreme-court-accepting-comments-on-juvenile-shackling-petition https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/judges-ask-state-supreme-court-to-limit-juvenile-shackling https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/wji-other-organizations-back-rule-to-limit-juvenile-shackling-in-court https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/defendant-wins-a-habeas-hearing-seventh-circuit-blasts-state-courts-attorney-generals-office Danielle Shelton https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/milwaukee-win-gives-danielle-shelton-huge-boost-in-milwaukee-county-circuit-court-branch-40-win https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/milwaukee-county-judicial-candidates-jones-and-shelton-discuss-their-judicial-philosophies https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/milwaukee-county-sheriffs-video-policy-unreasonable-appeals-court-says https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/milwaukee-county-judicial-candidates-jones-shelton-on-best-supreme-court-decisions Lena Taylor https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-lena-c-taylor https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/video-january-2023-salon-with-candidates-for-milwaukee-municipal-court https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/majority-in-mba-lawyer-poll-say-kelly-taylor-not-qualified https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/lawmakers-seek-funding-for-a-42-million-juvenile-prison https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/bill-limiting-prosecutor-discretion-heads-to-governor-for-signature https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/lawmakers-disagree-on-scope-and-effect-of-revocation-bill https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/slavery-lives-on-in-wisconsin Ozaukee County Adam Gerol https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-adam-y-gerol Racine County Scott Craig https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/evers-judges-scott-p-craig Rock County Karl R. Hanson https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/walkers-judges-karl-r-hanson https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/judge-ignores-court-of-appeals-sentences-on-dismissed-charge https://www.wjiinc.org/blog/wisconsin-court-of-appeals-oks-resurrection-of-dismissed-conviction-in-impaired-driving-case
In Jefferson County, Branch 1 incumbent Will Gruber is challenged by attorney John Jack A. Chavez. The election is April 1. Gruber was appointed to Jefferson County Circuit Court by then-Gov. Scott Walker in 2018 and won election to a full term in 2019. He previously was the city attorney for Watertown, assistant corporation counsel for Dodge County, and an attorney in private practice. He graduated from Marquette University Law School in 2004. His resume is here. Chavez is an attorney at Chavez Law Office LLC in Lake Mills, Wisconsin. He graduated from University of Wisconsin Law School in 1990. WJI asked each of the candidates to answer a series of questions. The questions are patterned after some of those on the job application the governor uses when he is considering judicial appointments. Gruber responded to WJI's questionnaire. Chavez did not. Answers are printed as submitted, without editing or insertion of “(sic)” for errors.  Will Gruber
Why do you want to retain your position as a judge? I have been a Circuit Court Judge in Branch 1 of Jefferson County since August 2018. I have tried or presided over 38 jury trials as a lawyer or judge. As a judge I have been assigned to hear and decide hundreds of cases across every subject matter and jurisdiction including criminal, civil, family, probate and juvenile law. I presided over the Alcohol and Drug Treatment Courts in 2023. I wish to retain my role as Circuit Court Judge because the work is deeply fulfilling and aligned with my aptitudes and commitment to ensuring fair play and due process in the courtroom. Personal satisfaction comes by way of service to others and the rule of law. The impacts of my decisions and actions are routinely experienced in direct, visible, and, therefore, rewarding ways. Rarely does a week go by where I am not left to reflect on the individual human impacts brought about by being called-up to further the protection of life and fundamental legal rights. The judge and the advocate make-up our adversarial legal system; neither role is fundamentally superior to the other. That being said, my basic strengths and broader interest in the system, as a whole, have always suited me for “calling balls and strikes” (not “pitching and hitting”). At the most basic level, the responsibility of a judge is to make sure others play by the rules. I believe that administering the law from a place of accountability requires that a judge impose the same demands on himself or herself. Not every candidate for judicial office demonstrates commitment to the “form” requirements of judicial office, particularly when it comes to personal behavior and civility. I have demonstrated an unwavering commitment to integrity and answerability. I view the judiciary as a stabilizing force in government and many of the basic operations of society, especially when it comes to furthering institutional integrity. Assuming this sort of responsibility as an occupation is profoundly motivating. After several years on the bench, my dedication to ensuring fairness and due process in our civil and criminal justice systems “feels” very much like a natural station in life. The motivation to do right by my oath comes easy and the calling to do this work is total and complete. There are no doubt a variety of fulfilling lines of work in the legal system, but for me, the daily work as a trial judge truly delivers on the desire for contribution and service. I enjoy going to a job where I am answerable only to the law and the people who have hired me to administer the law. Describe which U.S. Supreme Court or Wisconsin Supreme Court opinion in the past 25 years you believe had a significant positive or negative impact on the people of Wisconsin and explain why. Both Supreme Courts routinely hand down decisions of enormous legal impact. In selecting and elaborating on only one I place a premium on the recency of the opinion, scale of personal, individual human impact, and relevance to the work and concerns of our local criminal justice systems, parties and victims. I will refer to a case decided last summer by the U.S. Supreme Court. United States v. Rahmi upholds the federal law (18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8)) that criminalizes the possession of firearms by persons subject to domestic violence restraining orders. Legally and practically this opinion confirmed the ability of the government to disarm violent persons. The 5th Circuit Court of Appeals determined, based on earlier precedent of the U.S. Supreme Court (i.e., the “historic tradition” test established in New York State Rifle & Pistol Assoc., Inc. v. Bruen) that since there was not a late 18th-century parallel to U.S.C. § 922(g)(8), the law was unconstitutional. In Rahmi, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the lower court was unduly exacting in comparing and contrasting early American law with the modern-day subject legislation. Essentially, the opinion provided that a historical analogue in the law, but not necessarily a “twin,” was necessary to survive Constitutional scrutiny. The Court determined that early American laws that disarmed “dangerous classes” of people, regardless of the form, function or motivation of the early legislation, were sufficiently similar to U.S.C. § 922(g)(8). It is not an overstatement to suggest that the result in Rahmi is lifesaving. Domestic violence is, in my estimation, and consistent with my day-to-day experience as a judge, a public health crisis. I observe on an almost daily basis, the proportions of this form of violence. Prosecutors, law enforcement and judges have to be able to utilize laws that protect victims of domestic violence by disarming abusers. Those who have been found to have inflicted physical violence on another are legitimately disarmed by the government thanks to Rahmi. This is a decidedly important decision for victims of domestic violence. Describe your judicial philosophy. My judicial philosophy is simple: apply the laws of the Wisconsin and U.S. Constitution and those passed by the legislature to the facts. The judicial branch applies and interprets the law – nothing more, nothing less. The work of the trial judge is directed almost exclusively to the “application” function of the judicial branch; interpreting on a grand scale is rarely occasioned at the circuit court; when it is, the circuit court’s interpretation is often subject to review by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court. As such, the circuit court’s primary function is “simply” administering the law as written. Many areas of the law are complex, but the essential role of the judiciary, and, especially the trial courts, is simple. The judicial branch is charged with being the most restrained branch of government. During my time on the bench, I have adhered to this essential precept. I am also recognized for my integrity, fairness and basic consideration for others. I actively listen to everyone who wants and deserves a voice in the courtroom. Describe two of the most significant cases in which you were involved as either an attorney or a judicial officer. Both the criminal and civil justice systems serve vital functions in our society; however, as a circuit court judge, the most significant cases I have been involved in are prosecutions brought by the State on behalf of the public. These are often cases where the safety of many are made vulnerable by the behavior of a few. These are cases where there is a mandate, regardless of public appeal, to ensure that the constitutional rights of all, including the accused, are safeguarded. These are cases where our juries search for the truth and often deliver a result that leaves for the court the responsibility to ensure, among other considerations, that the community is protected. These are cases where I have done right by my obligation to ensure constitutional and statutory protections are safeguarded and, at the same time, the public is protected. It is not possible to cite only two specific cases of this character, but these are the most significant cases I am involved with as a judicial officer. Describe your legal experience as an advocate in criminal litigation, civil litigation, and administrative proceedings. I have practiced privately and as a government lawyer. I have represented individuals, businesses, non-profits and a variety of other interests. As an attorney I have worked for and represented a county and a city; as a circuit court judge, I am employed by the State of Wisconsin and answerable to the people of Jefferson County. I practiced generally in civil, family and probate for six years before government representation with Dodge County as an assistant corporation counsel. In this role, I represented and advised the County with focuses in guardianship, ordinance enforcement, mental health petitions, CHIPS cases, guardianship and protective placement matters. After this position, I was appointed City Attorney for the City of Watertown where I served as in-house counsel to the City and its departments and Common Council. This work involved advising and representing the City in a wide variety of legal and policy interests including local regulation, licensing, tax incremental financing and human resources. I was also responsible for the prosecution of all traffic and ordinance violations, including first offense impaired driving offenses. Describe an instance when you were challenged and had to exhibit courage in the face of adversity or opposition and how you handled that situation. Last spring I suffered a meniscus tear. This presented as a significant personal challenge. Daily, early morning running has been an anchoring and motivating force for me for very many years. It supports my mental clarity, general “down-regulation” and overall positive emotional responses. Identifying “courage” with the concept of resolution, helps me to describe the challenge as something that required several months of mental perseverance. I had to resolve to re-program my days with alternative times and forms of exercise. I also had to arrive at a core acceptance in denying myself (for several months) what amounted to a long-standing, single means of decompression. I came to learn that running was simply a habituated preference, but not the be all and end all exercise outlet… I continued to live by the other principles of good health and allowed the healing process to culminate on its own terms. Do you support requiring a justice or judge to recuse him/herself from cases involving donors and indirect supporters who contribute money or other resources to the judge’s election? If not, why not? If so, why, and what contribution limits would you set? I support the recusal and disqualification requirements of Supreme Court Rules and state statute (Wisconsin SCR 60 and, in particular, SCR 60.04, and, Wis. Stat. § 757.19). I strongly support a judicial officer erring on the side of recusals or disqualification if there’s any doubt, whatsoever, as to whether she or he can sit for a case with the required neutrality, impartiality and fidelity to the law. This is the only right thing to do; this is what is demanded by those who come to court for fair and responsible disposition of cases. What are the greatest obstacles judges face when trying to deliver true justice? What can or should be done about them? [Define "true justice" as you see fit.] As of recent, the basic precept of judicial independence and the rule of law itself is commonly burdened by matters of personality and partisanship as well as other negative and distracting influences that have no place in the work of the judiciary. Judges owe it to themselves, individually, and to the institution as a whole, to be ever vigilant and defend against illicit pressures on their independence. I refuse to be involved in partisan enterprises and narratives that undermine the judicial independence. I believe all judicial officers are obligated to regularly call to mind the injunction to rule without fear or favor. Implicit or unconscious bias is its own unique and individualized impediment to furthering the end of the fair application of law. This sort of bias naturally goes along with the human condition. This is not a subject that should inspire debate or defensiveness. The threshold at the path to addressing this impact to impartiality is becoming aware of its reality. In recent years, it has become common to read instructions to juries that call attention to naturally occurring bias. It is just as vital for judicial officers to take seriously the problem of this type of partiality. The court system has taken meaningful steps to bring awareness to this challenge with mandatory judicial education. Susan Crawford and Brad Schimel vie for the open seat on the Wisconsin Supreme Court created by Justice Ann Walsh Bradley's retirement. The election is April 1. Crawford is a trial judge on the Dane County Circuit Court. She graduated from the University of Iowa College of Law in 1994. Schimel is a trial judge on the Waukesha County Circuit Court. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1990. WJI asked each of the candidates to answer a series of questions. The questions are patterned after some of those on the job application the governor uses when he is considering judicial appointments. Crawford responded to WJI's questionnaire. Schimel did not. Answers are printed as submitted, without editing or insertion of “(sic)” for errors.  Susan Crawford
Why do you want to become a justice on the Wisconsin Supreme Court? As a prosecutor, private-practice attorney, and now as a judge, I have always worked to protect the basic rights and freedoms of Wisconsinites under our laws and Constitution, and to use my legal training and experience to have a positive impact on people and communities. I have broad legal experience, including arguing before the Wisconsin Supreme Court in both criminal and civil cases. I know how important it is to have Wisconsin Supreme Court justices who are fair and impartial and who will reject efforts to politicize the Court and undermine our constitutional rights. Describe which U.S. Supreme Court or Wisconsin Supreme Court opinion in the past 25 years you believe had a significant positive or negative impact on the people of Wisconsin and explain why. The Court’s decision in Clarke v. Wisconsin Elections Commission is particularly significant because it upheld the Wisconsin Constitution and our democratic principles. I agree with the majority's decision in this case, which found the state’s legislative maps unconstitutional. As a result of this decision, the legislature and the governor agreed to new maps that comply with the Wisconsin Constitution. Describe your judicial philosophy. My approach to judicial decision making is people-centered and grounded in common sense. I consider myself a pragmatist. I work hard to get the facts right and to apply the law fairly and impartially. In my view, our laws are tools to protect people. It’s important to consider the purposes of the law and how it will affect the parties when applying it. My goal is always to arrive at a fair and just result. Another core component to my judicial philosophy is how I treat people in my courtroom. I want everyone who enters my courtroom, whether or not they achieve the result they were seeking, to leave feeling they were heard, treated with respect, and got their day in court. Describe two of the most significant cases in which you were involved as either an attorney or a judicial officer. As a judge, the most significant cases I have presided over involve children and families. In cases involving children in need of protection and services, I had the opportunity and privilege to reunite children with their families after the parents received court-ordered services to help them to overcome problems like mental health crises and drug addiction that had prevented them from caring for their children. As a lawyer, I litigated several high-profile public interest cases that broadly impacted the rights of Wisconsinites. One such case was Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin v. Brad Schimel. Our team of lawyers successfully challenged an anti-abortion law that threatened doctors with the loss of their medical licenses for providing abortions to women. The law was found unconstitutional by the federal district court for the Western District of Wisconsin and the decision was upheld by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Describe your legal experience as an advocate in criminal litigation, civil litigation, and administrative proceedings. As a former prosecutor, government attorney, private-practice attorney, and now as a Circuit Court Judge, I’ve dedicated my entire career to upholding the law and protecting Wisconsinites under our laws and constitution. I started my career at the Wisconsin Department of Justice, where I prosecuted felony cases in the Wisconsin Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, prosecuted health care fraud and abuse cases in circuit courts throughout the state, and and served as director of criminal appeals, the largest legal unit at the DOJ. As chief legal counsel in the office of Governor Jim Doyle, I oversaw the fair and equal enforcement and application of our laws throughout state government. Later in my career, as a civil litigator in private practice, I advocated for Wisconsinites from all walks of life, standing up for their rights in court. Describe an instance when you were challenged and had to exhibit courage in the face of adversity or opposition and how you handled that situation. When I was in high school, my dad, an engineer, was laid off from his job. It took some time for him to find another job in his highly technical field. As a result, my family went through some tough times financially. I did my part by financing my own college education. Do you support requiring a justice or judge to recuse him/herself from cases involving donors and indirect supporters who contribute money or other resources to the judge's election? If not, why not? If so, why, and what contribution limits would you set? I am open to considering proposals to strengthen the recusal rules for judges and justices. As a judge, I make decisions on recusal after evaluating the parties and legal issues raised in the case. If I believe I am unable to be fair and impartial for any reason, I do not remain on the case. Just as I have in my current courtroom, I will look at every case that comes before me on the Wisconsin Supreme Court and make a determination as to whether it’s appropriate for me to sit on that case. What are the greatest obstacles judges face when trying to deliver true justice? What can or should be done about them? [Define “true justice” as you see fit.] The most significant obstacle is the lack of affordable legal services to people facing significant legal issues without representation. Although as a judge I take care to explain courtroom procedures to pro se litigants, many civil cases, including evictions, family court matters, and mortgage foreclosures involve complex legal issues that place unrepresented parties at a disadvantage. As a judge, I’ve seen firsthand how the lack of representation affects parties and the legal system. Low or no-cost legal representation or legal clinics, simplified court procedures and forms, and better access to quality legal research materials could help reduce these disadvantages. If elected to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, I’ll advocate for increased resources to serve Wisconsinites fairly and effectively. To me, justice means that everyone who comes into my courtroom is treated fairly and with respect, regardless of the outcome. It’s about thoroughly examining all the facts, weighing the evidence impartially, and ensuring each party has an equal opportunity to be heard. Above all, it’s about upholding the law with fairness, transparency, and accountability. I want everyone who enters my courtroom to leave feeling they were treated with respect and got their day in court. Provide any other information you feel would be helpful to potential voters deciding for whom to vote. My opponent, Brad Schimel, has spent his entire career as an extreme politician and has made it clear that he’s more interested in pushing a partisan, right-wing agenda than upholding the independence and impartiality of our courts. During his time as Wisconsin’s Republican Attorney General, he defended Scott Walker’s attacks on workers’ rights and our basic freedoms—putting politics ahead of the people he was supposed to serve. As a former prosecutor, private-practice attorney, and now as a judge, I have spent my career focused on upholding our laws and Constitution, and fighting to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of all Wisconsinites. I am committed to fairness, impartiality, and ensuring that every person enters my courtroom, whether they win or lose, gets a fair shake. Brad Schimel has also shown a troubling willingness to prejudge cases before they even reach the bench. He’s openly condemned the recent ruling overturning portions of Act 10 and continues to defend Wisconsin’s outdated 1849 abortion ban as “valid.” That’s not how justice should work. If I have the honor of serving on the Wisconsin Supreme Court, I will approach every case with an open mind—listening carefully to both sides, weighing the facts, and applying the law based on the Constitution and established precedent. That’s what fairness demands, and that’s what Wisconsinites deserve. In La Crosse County, Joe Veenstra and Eric S. Sanford vie for an open seat. The election is April 1. The candidates are listed in the order shown on the Wisconsin Elections Commission's candidate tracking form; the order does not in any way reflect a preference or endorsement by Wisconsin Justice Initiative, which is nonpartisan. Veenstra is an attorney at the Johns, Flaherty & Collins law firm in La Crosse and is a supplemental court commissioner in La Crosse County Circuit Court. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1998. His resume is here. Sanford is a family court commissioner in La Crosse County Circuit Court and previously was an assistant district attorney in La Crosse County, a private practice attorney, and an assistant state public defender. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 2011. His resume is here. WJI asked each of the candidates to answer a series of questions. The questions are patterned after some of those on the job application the governor uses when he is considering judicial appointments. The candidates' answers are printed as submitted, without editing or insertion of “(sic)” for errors.
In Racine County, Jamie M. McClendon challenges incumbent Jon Fredrickson in Branch 7. The election is April 1. McClendon is an attorney practicing at McClendon Law, LLC, and previously was a staff attorney in the State Public Defender's Office. She graduated from Arizona State University's Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law in 2007. Her resume is here. Fredrickson was appointed Racine County Circuit Court judge by Gov. Scott Walker in 2018 and then elected to a full term in 2019. He previously was an attorney at Kravit Hovel & Krawczyk. He graduated from Marquette University Law School in 1999. WJI asked each of the candidates to answer a series of questions. The questions are patterned after some of those on the job application the governor uses when he is considering judicial appointments. McClendon responded to WJI's questionnaire. Fredrickson did not. However, voters can find out more about him in this WJI blog post, which included portions of his application to Walker. Candidates' answers are printed as submitted, without editing or insertion of “(sic)” for errors.  Why do you want to become a judge?
After my mother retired from the Army, she became a Teamsters member who worked in a factory for 30 years. We were a working-class family, but because of my mother’s hard work, my sister and I were able to follow our dreams. The dedication and values my mother instilled in me while I was growing up has had the biggest impact on my career. She taught me to do what is right, and to protect people who are the most vulnerable. I became the first in my family to go to college and then to law school. Once I passed the bar exam, I became an attorney at the Wisconsin State Public Defender’s Office in Racine County. My career as public defender is where the beliefs and values my mother instilled in me are exhibited the most. Many of the people that come through the criminal justice system are from a background of poverty and rely on public defenders to represent them. Public defenders have the difficult duty of speaking up for people others may overlook or ignore; and are integral in making sure our justice system is fair. Public defenders play an important role in protecting people’s rights. While public defender’s play an important role in fighting for people’s rights; judges ensure equal justice for everyone to prevent violations of people’s rights. Judges must have the strength to do what is right and not allow outside pressure to impact their decision. With this strength, should come an understanding on how judges’ decisions can impact those who are the most vulnerable in our community. Both my personal and professional experiences have guided me to stand up for what is right and I believe to my core that everyone deserves to be treated fairly in our justice system. This is why I became a lawyer, a public defender, and this is why I want to be a judge. Describe which U.S. Supreme Court or Wisconsin Supreme Court opinion in the past 25 years you believe had a significant positive or negative impact on the people of Wisconsin and explain why. Rucho v. Common Cause 139 S.Ct 2484 (2019): The Wisconsin Supreme Court relied on this case when determining the limited role the judiciary has on redistricting legislative maps. The Court does not have power to intervene with redistricting when it comes to political parties. It must only review legislative maps to ensure they are in compliance with our constitution and statutes. The Wisconsin Supreme Court agreed that the maps at the time were not constitutional based on the lack of “one person, one vote” due to a shift in the locations of the population according to the most recent consensus. They declined to be involved with the political question of the map being fairly drawn for a political party. This had a positive impact on Wisconsin because maps should be drawn to ensure everyone’s votes count. Describe your judicial philosophy. A judge should show judicial restraint and be reluctant in reinterpreting the law. She should respect our Constitution and not allow outside pressures impact their decisions. Describe two of the most significant cases in which you were involved as either an attorney or a judicial officer. 1. 1st Degree Intentional Homicide-Use of a Dangerous Weapon, Possession of a Firearm by a Felon, Misdemeanor Bail Jumping, Jurisdiction: Jury Trial: July 19, 2022 This was my first Intentional Homicide case that went to trial. The discovery was voluminous. Unlike the State, I did not have officers or other staff to help me review over 100 hours of surveillance videos and thousands of pages of reports and collected data. In addition, time was very limited due to my client’s request for a speedy trial that had to be held within 90 days of the demand. I also did not have co-counsel. I had to organize and review everything on my own to be ready for a speedy trial. By the time of trial, I was prepared to give the vigorous defense my client deserved. I was equipped to cross examine experts in DNA testing, cell phone data and tracking, medical records, and law enforcement. In the end, the jury found my client guilty on all counts. This case is significant to me because it shows how important it is that our justice system has competent and dedicated attorneys on both sides to be fair. 2. Attempted First Degree Intentional Homicide, First Degree Reckless Endangering Safety, First Degree Reckless Endangering Safety-Causing Injury, Possession of a Firearm by a Felon: Jury Trial: March 3, 2020 From the start of this case, there was one concerning issue: the reliability of the eye witness identification. In reviewing the recording of the identifying witness’s statement to the police, it was clear that this witness was being treated more like a suspect than a potential victim. He was on probation and the officer had already requested an arrest warrant for him. Prior to trial, there were two hearings in which the key identifying witness had to provide testimony. One was at my client’s revocation hearing and the other was at a deposition hearing. At both hearings, the witness denied that my client was the shooter. At the revocation hearing, the ALJ did not find the witness’ identification credible and denied the department request for revocation. The State was aware that my client was not revoked and decided to continue to trial anyways. In addition to this witness, there was an alleged victim who was shot in the leg. She told the officer from the beginning of the investigation that she could identify the shooter. She said he was walking right towards her and she saw his face. When she was provided a photo line-up that included my client, she did not identify him as the shooter. She testified to the same at trial. This case was significant to me because I had to convince the jury that the identification of my client was unreliable because the identifying witness was susceptible to overwhelming pressure to name my client as the shooter. Ultimately, the jury found my client not guilty on all counts. Describe your legal experience as an advocate in criminal litigation, civil litigation, and administrative proceedings. I have been practicing in Racine County for 13 years. I have represented the people of Racine in over 1500 cases. These cases include juvenile court, criminal, family, civil commitments, and probation revocations. I have handled minor disorderly conduct cases all the way up to first degree homicide cases. Describe an instance when you were challenged and had to exhibit courage in the face of adversity or opposition and how you handled that situation. One of the biggest injustices I witnessed in the courtroom happened to my client. He was charged with another young man for a robbery. Both equally participated in this crime. However, that is where the similarities ended. The other guy had a personal issue with the victim and set up the robbery. He was smug and rude to the police when asked about his involvement. My client was helpful and provided information to the police. The State offered the other guy a lower charge, a probation recommendation, and expungement. My client was offered a charge that was not eligible for expungement and a prison recommendation. I provided the Court with as much information as I could about his upbringing and neglect as a child. I was hoping that, although the Court could not change the charge he pleaded to, she would at least give them the same sentence. She did not. Despite the victim's family’s support of my client, the judge sentenced him to prison. She sentenced the co-defendant to probation and granted his expungement. The only other difference between these two was their race. My client was black. The co-defendant was white. My response to this event was running for judge in Racine County. Do you support requiring a justice or judge to recuse him/herself from cases involving donors and indirect supporters who contribute money or other resources to the judge’s election? If not, why not? If so, why, and what contribution limits would you set? A fair judge should be able to acknowledge any possible implicit or explicit bias within themselves. She should strive to prevent bias from interfering with her decision-making. Racine County deserves to have an independent judge that does not allow public pressure or politics to dictate the outcome of a case. I do think that a judge should recuse themselves from cases in which donors contributed to their campaign. I believe any amount of donations should be reviewed for any possible bias in deciding a case. What are the greatest obstacles judges face when trying to deliver true justice? What can or should be done about them? [Define “true justice” as you see fit.] True justice is defined by the preamble of the Code of Judicial Conduct: “[a] judge must be independent, fair and competent when they interpret and apply the laws to the facts and circumstances of the cases presented.” The judge’s role is to listen to both sides of a case and then interpret and apply the law to that case. One of the greatest obstacles a judge faces when trying to accomplish true justice is the volume of cases, especially in criminal court. I look to the two judges I admire, the Honorable John Jude and Justice Sonia Sotomayor, for examples on how to effectively ensure that everyone is treated fairly and justly. Both judges are known for asking questions of the parties to get a better understanding of the presented case. They both seek to understand the people, the issues, and the arguments presented to make sure they will fashion an informed decision when applying the law. In Waukesha County, David Maas challenges incumbent Bridget Schoenborn in Branch 4. The election is April 1. Maas is a prosecutor in the Fond du Lac County District Attorney's Office and before that was an assistant attorney general at the Wisconsin Department of Justice. He graduated from University of Wisconsin Law School in 1998. His resume is here. Schoenborn was appointed Waukesha County Circuit Court judge by Gov. Tony Evers in 2024. She previously was a federal prosecutor in the United States Attorney's Office in the Eastern District of Wisconsin. She graduated from University of Wisconsin Law School in 2004. WJI asked each of the candidates to answer a series of questions. The questions are patterned after some of those on the job application the governor uses when he is considering judicial appointments. Maas responded to WJI's questionnaire. Schoenborn did not. However, voters can find out more about her in this WJI blog post, which included portions of her application to the governor. Candidates' answers are printed as submitted, without editing or insertion of “(sic)” for errors.  Why do you want to become a judge?
My desire to be a judge stems from my extensive experience as a prosecutor and my deep commitment to justice and the rule of law. First, I believe in the fundamental promise of our legal system – that every person who enters a courtroom deserves fairness, due process, and justice. I have had the benefit of practicing in front of dozens of judges across the state as an Assistant District Attorney and Assistant Attorney General over the past 25+ years. In those courtrooms, I saw firsthand the judicial demeanor and conduct that worked well, and the attitudes that did not. A judge should be punctual, prepared, knowledgeable, impartial, respectful, and ethical. A judge, particularly in Waukesha, should not be afraid of a large caseload and a high-pressure environment. My years as a prosecutor have prepared me well for this role by exposing me on an almost daily basis to this environment. I am not afraid of working hard, making tough calls, and always acting ethically. I know how to manage a huge calendar of cases, and I would run an efficient courtroom. Second, I have worked closely with law enforcement, victims, and defense attorneys, giving me a balanced perspective on the real-world impact of judicial decisions. I have seen the emotional toll the system takes on victims, and I recognize the importance of ensuring defendants’ rights. Even though I spent this time as an advocate for the people of Wisconsin, I have always strived to do what is right because of the immense power I have as a prosecutor. It is a responsibility I never take lightly. While handling thousands of cases, I feel like I have consistently built a proper perspective to best litigate and resolve cases. Giving up my advocacy role will be the most difficult part in this transition, but I know I will retain proper perspective and judgment. Third, my expertise with digital evidence and adherence to the 4th Amendment is greatly needed on the bench in Wisconsin. In years past, digital evidence was used primarily in internet crimes and child pornography cases. It has now become important evidence in almost all criminal prosecutions and many civil cases. I have seen a vast discrepancy in experience among judges when it comes to digital evidence. I embraced my role helping fellow prosecutors in this area, and I could do the same for my judicial colleagues. I would be the best fit for this greatly needed unique role as a trainer, consultant, and colleague. I have always embraced the responsibilities that I have as a prosecutor, and I would similarly embrace my responsibilities as a judge. I know I would be a fair and impartial umpire, calling balls and strikes as the arbiter of facts and law. My career has prepared me for this next step in service to my community. I would be honored to serve the citizens of Waukesha County as a member of the bench. Describe which U.S. Supreme Court or Wisconsin Supreme Court opinion in the past 25 years you believe had a significant positive or negative impact on the people of Wisconsin and explain why. I am choosing Carpenter v. U.S., 585 U.S. 296 (2018) for this question. Carpenter represents a few positives and a few negatives and signals the direction I think the United States Supreme Court will continue to travel when and if it decides another important 4th Amendment digital evidence case. First, a negative. Carpenter was a 2018 decision based upon 2011 fact pattern. By the time the decision was released, the technology involved was almost obsolete. The cell site location information of Carpenter had been surpassed by GPS and other location tracking with exponentially better accuracy. The amount of our personal data available commercially and to the government is greater by many factors. This decision shows the inability of the Supreme Court to keep up with changes in technology and puts the onus on the circuit courts to apply 4th Amendment requirements as technology changes and the government’s reach extends, without the benefit of legal precedence or legislation. A positive takeaway from Carpenter is that the Supreme Court recognized our right to privacy in our movements and our data, at least to a point. Read with Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 (2014), the Supreme Court acknowledged that cell phones, and the data contained therein or in the cloud, are just different than other traditional targets of government search and seizure. The decision rightly requires the government to act in accordance with the 4th Amendment by obtaining a search warrant for location data, even though it is turned over to and kept by third parties. The government cannot take shortcuts in accessing this data. The Supreme Court was correct to reason that this cell phone data is qualitatively different such that it deserves a new classification of records, although it remains unclear what the extension of this special treatment will be. Carpenter also gives standing to the individual to challenge search and seizure of this data. Given the ubiquitous nature of cell phones and the expansive availability of consumer data which tracks our location every minute of every day, even when our phones are “off,” courts will continue to be confronted with the challenge of weighing police access to third party records for investigative purposes against a citizen’s right to be free of not just government surveillance but also commercial surveillance. This decision is important for both privacy rights and the government’s access to records. Carpenter requires courts to continue balancing the individual’s right to privacy in ways not seen before and be aware that “voluntary” commercial surveillance must not equate to government access to private records. A court must also appreciate the vast amounts of data accessible via warrants and ensure that the warrants are only approved if they are limited in scope and particularity. Describe your judicial philosophy. Judges should serve the community in a way that encourages confidence in the legal system. Inherent in this approach is the necessity to afford all who appear respect and due consideration, applying the law and weighing the facts presented in a fair and impartial manner. I am guided by the Preamble of SCR 60: “Our legal system is based on the principle that an independent, fair and competent judiciary will interpret and apply the laws that govern us.” The first part of this sentence, relating to an independent and fair judiciary, is reiterated in the subsequent SCR 60 rules. First and foremost, I would be a fair and impartial jurist. While I am to ensure the rights of defendants, victims, plaintiffs, and other parties are preserved and respected, I do not advocate on their behalf. I weigh arguments, assess cases, and make rulings unaffected by bias, prejudice, or passion. If parties are to respect the judiciary, this is crucial. Of equal importance is the second part of the Preamble’s opening: “…interpret and apply the laws that govern us.” The judiciary must be separate from the executive and legislative branches. As a judge, I do not make laws. I cannot interpret laws to suit my personal beliefs. I must only apply the law as written. If a higher court has already rendered an opinion on a particular law, then that legal precedent must also be respected. I would not serve the people of Waukesha by making my own laws. I also subscribe to the judicial philosophy of Originalism. I’ve worked with enough high-tech Constitutional issues to know that technological advancements are making the application of strict textualism extremely difficult. Originalism allows for an understanding and interpretation of the Constitution’s text as meant by the framers. It does not allow for judicial activism or changing laws based on the whims of current trends. Regarding the “competent” adjective in the Preamble, my experience in practicing before many judges across the state has afforded me the opportunity to see what works well and what doesn’t when running a courtroom. Three consistent themes emerged from the well-run courts: preparedness, efficiency, and respect. A judge should be prepared for arguments by being familiar with the issues of a case. That preparedness is necessary to question the litigants and to make informed rulings. If the judge runs an efficient courtroom by being punctual and keeping a well-maintained calendar, the litigants will be better served. Of equal importance, in service to the citizens who rely on the court system, a judge should extend respect to all who appear before him/her. Litigants look to the legal system for justice and conflict resolution. The judge is the face of that system. Trust or faith in the system is lost if the judge is unable to uphold these high standards of conduct. I will be an honorable representative of the system. Describe two of the most significant cases in which you were involved as either an attorney or a judicial officer. State v. Eddie Tipton, State v. Robert Rhodes, Dane County Case Nos. 16CF2604, 16CF2605. As lead Cyber Crime prosecutor at the Department of Justice, I represented Wisconsin’s interests in the multi-state lottery fraud perpetrated by Eddie Tipton and his best friend Robert Rhodes. Tipton was a programmer and security expert at the Multi-State Lottery Association in Iowa. He was responsible for creating the software for the random number generator computers used to pick lottery numbers. By installing malicious code into the machines, he was able to predict winning lottery numbers on certain days of the year. In December 2007, Rhodes purchased the winning ticket for the December 29, 2007, WI Megabucks Lottery game worth $2,000,000 by using pre-selected numbers provided by Tipton. Tipton and his conspirators, including his brother, were also responsible for fraudulent lottery wins for millions of dollars in Iowa, Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Coordination between Iowa, Colorado, and Wisconsin was essential to complete the investigation. The machines used in the Wisconsin lottery were recovered and forensically analyzed, and Tipton's code was cracked. I led the entire case from investigation to sentencing, working closely with the Iowa Attorney General to discover the criminal pattern, flip witnesses, and break up the conspiracy. Rhodes pled guilty in Wisconsin and provided testimony against Tipton. Tipton then pled guilty in both Wisconsin and Iowa. The case was the subject of a New York Times Magazine article: Reid Forgrave, The Man Who Cracked the Lottery, New York Times Magazine, May 3, 2018. This case was significant because of the scope of the criminal conspiracy, the amount of loss involved, the technical expertise required to understand the scheme, and, most importantly, the fact that our DOJ team, working with the Wisconsin Lottery, was integral in discovering and stopping the criminal enterprise. State v. Daniel Steffen, Polk County Case No. 21CF67. Steffen, a former Polk and Burnett County prosecutor, was convicted of three counts of Representations Depicting Nudity on April 27, 2023, after a jury trial. Steffen, while an ADA in Burnett County, had an ongoing sexual relationship with a female defendant who was on a deferred prosecution agreement prosecuted by Steffen and his office. The Division of Criminal Investigation got its initial tip and began investigating Steffen for misconduct in early 2020. I drafted multiple warrants for communications and location records and gave advice to our agents throughout the course of the investigation. Upon execution of the final warrants in Steffen's home, investigators discovered videos of Steffen engaged in sex with the female defendant, made without her knowledge. Investigators also uncovered a similar video with a second victim. I first-chaired the trial with one of our junior AAGs. The case was significant because of the extensive warrant work done during the multi-year investigation, my close involvement with the agents in putting the pieces of the communication and location records together, and the impact on the profession of prosecuting an ADA who was exploiting his office for personal gain in arguably the most abusive way possible. Describe your legal experience as an advocate in criminal litigation, civil litigation, and administrative proceedings. During law school, I was an in-house legal clerk for a national insurance agency. My casework and legal research focused on insurance defense issues. I also clerked at a civil law firm for one semester before joining the firm as an associate for a year. That civil practice involved contract, employment, and personal injury work. Those cases were in circuit court and small claims. Since October 1999, I have been a Wisconsin prosecutor, practicing almost exclusively criminal cases in state circuit courts. I have handled thousands of cases and tried well over 100 jury trials. Early on in my career, my experience was in domestic violence, general felony, gun, felony drug, and violent felony cases. I also spent one year prosecuting termination of parental rights cases, which share many aspects with civil litigation proceedings. As an Assistant Attorney General for 15 years, I prosecuted election fraud, public corruption, felony drug, homicide, and Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) cases. I developed a specialization in ICAC cases and became the lead ICAC resource prosecutor in Wisconsin. I also prosecuted Sexually Violent Persons Commitment cases and then supervised that team. Those cases are quasi-criminal/civil and are litigated in circuit courts. For the past 19 months, I have been an Assistant District Attorney in Fond du Lac County. I have a general criminal caseload, with cases ranging from simple misdemeanors to complex felonies and homicides. I have litigated a handful of criminal appeals cases throughout the course of my career. Describe an instance when you were challenged and had to exhibit courage in the face of adversity or opposition and how you handled that situation. One of the most challenging aspects of my career as a prosecutor has been handling internet crimes against children (ICAC) cases. These cases are uniquely difficult – not just because of the legal complexities involved, but because of the emotional and psychological toll they take on everyone involved, from investigators to prosecutors to judges. Adversity comes in many forms. First, there is the vicarious trauma – repeatedly reviewing graphic evidence, listening to victims' statements, and working alongside law enforcement officers and analysts who themselves struggle with the weight of these cases. The risk of burnout is high, yet walking away is not an option when justice for vulnerable children is on the line. To manage this, I remained committed to the mission while also implementing safeguards – encouraging peer support, seeking mental health resources, and ensuring that my team and I had the resilience to continue this work effectively. Another challenge was facing judges (or other prosecutors) who were reluctant to impose mandatory minimum sentences for offenders who preyed on children. Some viewed these crimes as less severe than hands-on offenses, failing to grasp the profound harm caused by the creation and distribution of child exploitation material. In those cases, I had to stand firm, advocating forcefully for victims and educating the court on the long-term impact of these crimes. I presented expert testimony, victim impact statements, and legal arguments that underscored why these sentences were necessary – not just as punishment, but as protection for other children at risk. I also successfully defended the constitutionality of Wisconsin’s mandatory minimum sentence for these crimes around the State, and the briefs I developed were used by prosecutors when facing similar motions. Despite the emotional and legal challenges, I never wavered in my commitment to holding offenders accountable. True courage in this work means showing up every day, fighting for justice despite the toll it takes, and ensuring that the most vulnerable members of our society – children – receive the protection they deserve. Do you support requiring a justice or judge to recuse him/herself from cases involving donors and indirect supporters who contribute money or other resources to the judge's election? If not, why not? If so, why, and what contribution limits would you set? Impartiality is a core requirement for any judge when presiding over a case. If the judge cannot be an impartial determiner of the facts and applier of the law, then that judge cannot rule on the case. Campaign contributions could potentially result in a judge, in certain circumstances, determining that he/she can no longer be impartial. The Wisconsin Statutes and Code of Judicial Conduct both provide guidance for when a judge can no longer preside over a case. The statutes focus more on a judge’s financial interest in the outcome of that case, while the ethical rules require recusal when the judge makes public statements about the issues in a case or there is reason to question the judge’s ability to remain impartial. Any analysis under these rules, though, must be on a case-by-case basis. I cannot prejudge one way or the other whether a contribution from a donor or indirect supporter would create a conflict. I can promise that I would take this issue seriously and would analyze any potential conflict if it arises. I owe that to the litigants, the public, and the judiciary. As for contribution limits, that is not for a judge to say. I abide by the laws as written and passed by the Legislature, and the rules imposed by the government entities empowered to pass those regulations. If those rules and statutes are Constitutional, they should be respected. What are the greatest obstacles judges face when trying to deliver true justice? What can or should be done about them? [Define “true justice” as you see fit.] “True justice” in its purest form can only be delivered by God. A judge cannot know what is in a person’s heart or mind. Judges will always be limited by imperfect knowledge, the facts presented to the judge, and the constraints of the law. But to deliver the best justice possible, a judge must ensure that all individuals, whether victim, defendant, litigant, or other party, receive fair and impartial treatment under the law as written. This requires a consistent application of legal principles, commitment to due process, impartiality, and humility. For example, when sentencing a defendant, a judge must consider the seriousness of the offense, the character of the defendant, and the need to protect the public. Where a jury must only evaluate the defendant’s actions in the present, a judge must assess character (an examination of past behavior) and risk to the public (an estimation of future conduct). A judge can only use the evidence and arguments presented to him/her in evaluating these sentencing factors. No judge can see into the soul of a defendant when assessing character, nor can a judge exactly measure a defendant’s risk of recidivism or a desire to change. The range of punishment is defined by the laws written by the Legislature. To mitigate these challenges, judges must approach their role with impartiality, humility and a reverence to the law. If a judge is acting within the law, the judge is not affected by public sentiment or outside influence. If a judge is acting with impartiality and humility, the judge is not affected by bias, prejudice, anger, or other outside perceptions. Judges must give careful consideration to all decisions made in court and ground all decisions in the law and the Constitution. A judge should treat litigants fairly and respectfully and allow them to be heard. Provide any other information you feel would be helpful to potential voters deciding for whom to vote. Throughout my prosecution career, I have worked very closely with many prosecutors and law enforcement officers. I have also spent much of my career training prosecutors, law enforcement, and judges and both the state and national levels. Because of this background, I have earned the trust of many officials who know my commitment to public safety and protection of the law. For example, I have the endorsement of Judge Brad Schimel, the former Waukesha District Attorney and Wisconsin Attorney General. He trusts that I will be an exceptional representative for the people of Waukesha County. I also have the endorsements of other District Attorneys like Eric Toney (Fond du Lac), Barry Braatz (Washington), and Sue Opper (Waukesha, retired). They know the contributions I have made to public safety over the past 25 years and trust that I will continue that on the bench. I am also honored to have the endorsement of law enforcement, too. The Waukesha County Police Chiefs’ Association, the Waukesha Deputy Sheriffs Labor Union, and the Milwaukee Police Association all endorse me. Having worked closely with many of these brave men and women over my career, it means a lot to have their trust now. They have made me the choice of law enforcement in this race.  Lubar Center Director Derek Mosley interviews Dane County Circuit Court Judge Susan Crawford at Marquette University Law School on Feb. 28, 2025. Photograph by Alexandria Staubach. By Alexandria Staubach
Dane County Circuit Court Judge Susan Crawford would not hint at what her position on pending cases would be if elected to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, but she wasn’t shy about a body of professional work that demonstrates her values. Crawford told a packed house at Marquette University Law School on Friday that during her tenure as a civil litigator she represented the League of Women Voters, physicians at Planned Parenthood Wisconsin, and educators fighting Act 10, the law that largely gutted collective bargaining for public employees in the state. Crawford also highlighted her work as an administrator in Wisconsin’s Department of Natural Resources in Gov. Jim Doyle’s administration. She said those fights on behalf of her civil clients led her to the judiciary in 2018. She often found success in circuit court, but then the Supreme Court “would ask questions that were not based on the law” and that “really (got) into political questions.” Crawford’s remarks occurred during a “Get to Know You” forum moderated by Derek Mosley, director of the law school’s Lubar Center for Public Policy Research and Civic Education. A recording of the forum can be found here. Crawford called out her opponent, Waukesha County Circuit Court Judge Brad Schimel, when saying she thinks “it’s really important to adhere to the judicial code and not comment on pending cases.” She accused Schimel of openly saying “there’s nothing wrong with” Wisconsin’s 1849 law on abortion. She said she has “really refrained” from taking any stance on pending litigation and skirted an audience question asking her position on the decline of diversity, equity, and inclusion at the federal level and the potential for litigation in that area. “It’s going to be up to the parties and the lawyers to decide if there is a state court role to play,” she said, calling the courts “reactive not proactive.” Crawford described her judicial philosophy as “pragmatism,” which she said allows her to “apply the laws to protect the people of the state.” Schimel claimed originalism as his judicial philosophy at a Lubar Center forum last week. Originalism is the view that a constitution or law should be interpreted by today’s jurists in a way they think the writers of the document intended; they act like historians to give the words their perceived original meaning. Three other Supreme Court justices claim originalism, meaning that Schimel's election to the court would make it the majority view. Crawford said that to her, “originalism is a starting point for analysis,” but asking “why was this law enacted” and considering its application over time informs her views. This “gives you a much deeper understanding,” said Crawford. Crawford’s civil litigation experience is coupled with a long career working in various roles for Doyle, when he was attorney general and then governor. “I always said, ‘yes sir, I will take up this new challenge,” said Crawford about her time working for Doyle. Notwithstanding that government work, Crawford told the audience that she was “not running on a partisan agenda.” No matter the issue, she promised the crowd, she will evaluate any evidence, listen to argument, perform her own legal research, and consult with her colleagues prior to rendering every decision if she’s elected. A prospective colleague, Justice Rebecca Dallet, listened from the front row. Th audience asked Crawford about donations from George Soros and J.B Pritzker, the former donating $1 million and the latter donating $500,000 to the state Democratic Party, which passed the money along to Crawford’s campaign. Crawford largely dodged the question about contributions to her own campaign but took the opportunity to say Schimel was taking Elon Musk’s money with obvious strings attached. “Elon Musk is entering the race” and “openly saying he wants Schimel on the court to advance Trump’s agenda,” said Crawford. “I never thought I would be fighting with the world’s richest man for justice in Wisconsin,” she laughed. An audience member questioned Crawford about an accusation that her election could result in a decision that would generate two U.S. House seats, based on Crawford’s appearance at a donor event earlier this year. Crawford said she did attend a video call for the group Focus on Democracy but that she never discussed congressional maps nor took any questions related to them. About congressional maps, “I have never taken a position publicly or privately and don’t know what my position would be,” she said. In Marinette County, incumbent Peggy L. Miller is challenged by DeShea D. Morrow. The election is April 1. Miller was appointed Marinette County Circuit Court judge by Gov. Tony Evers in 2024. She previously was a court commissioner in Oconto County and in private practice. She graduated from Marquette University Law School in 2000. Her resume is here. Morrow is the Marinette County district attorney. She graduated from Oak Brook College of Law (Fresno/online) in 2001. WJI asked each of the candidates to answer a series of questions. The questions are patterned after some of those on the job application the governor uses when he is considering judicial appointments. Miller responded to WJI's questionnaire. Morrow did not. Candidates' answers are printed as submitted, without editing or insertion of “(sic)” for errors.  Peggy L. Miller Why do you want to retain your position as judge? I would like to retain my position as Judge because it is the best job in the world. I am able to use every skill I learned in law school on a daily basis. For me, the position of Circuit Court Judge, is the peak of my law career. I started my career in law as a legal secretary. While working full-time, it took me several years of part-time night classes to achieve an Associate degree as a Paralegal, and additional night classes to earn my Bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice. While attending law school at Marquette University, I traveled more than four hours round trip each day and worked part-time teaching night classes in a Paralegal program. It was a long self-rewarding journey to become an attorney. While a practicing attorney, I furthered my education by completing certifications in several different alternative dispute resolution programs. After 19 years of private practice, I honed my writing, analyzation, speaking, negotiation and communication skills. These skills are paramount in dealing with the diverse citizens and many types of cases that I hear in my courtroom each day. Being a Judge is never boring. Every day is different from the day before, and the one after. Every day, I meet and interact with people from diverse cultural, racial, educational and financial backgrounds. Each legal matter I hear in a day can be from a different area of law. I have a desire to constantly learn new things, and every day I learn something new. The law is forever fluid, and therefore, it is necessary to keep my legal education relevant. This requirement to stay current in law related changes appeals to my love of constant education. I’ve always loved attending school, and teaching others about the law. Prior to obtaining the position as Circuit Court Judge, I served as Family Court Commissioner, Court Commissioner and Register in Probate for five years. This experience gave me five years of experience on the bench which was invaluable to becoming a Circuit Court Judge. I want to retain my position as Circuit Court Judge because I’m good at my job. I have more than five years of experience on the bench, and I want to have the ability to make good on the investment that the Marinette County citizens have already made in me. Describe which U.S. Supreme Court or Wisconsin Supreme Court opinion in the past 25 years you believe had a significant positive or negative impact on the people of Wisconsin and explain why. Obergefill v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015) U.S. Supreme Court decision which made same-sex marriage allowable in all states was, in my view, one of the most significant decisions made affecting the entire country. This is a case that purports to recognize human equality, no matter race, religion, sexual orientation, etc. Not only did this case allow people of the same sex to legally marry, but it began a waterfall of cases to extend the rights beyond just marriage. While not all of the cases have yet been successful, one case has enhanced one important protection. In Bostock v. Clayton County, 140 S.Ct. 1731 (2020) the Supreme Court expanded employment discrimination prohibitions to include gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender peoples. It remains to be seen how many changes the Obergefill decision will cause, but further anti-discrimination protections are likely. It is even possible that the Equality Act which would amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964 could be passed which would prohibit legal discrimination against gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender in areas such as housing, education, lending and public accommodation. Describe your judicial philosophy. I would be described as a Judge that exercises Judicial Restraint and is a Strict Constructionist. At the Circuit Court level, I do not believe it is my job to make law, but to interpret the law that is written. However, it should be noted that two different people can read the same law or case and come away with different meanings. The law isn’t as black and white as some would believe. Persuasion and argument play a major role in interpretation. I also do not believe in reinterpretation of the Constitution at the Circuit Court level. If there is a need for me to interpret a Constitutional protection, I will look to precedent to guide me. Describe two of the most significant cases in which you were involved as either an attorney or a judicial officer. As a Judge, my first jury trial involved two defendants being tried at the same time, for child incest. At one point I had granted the defense attorneys motions to sever the trials and try each defendant separately. While having concern for the victim testifying twice, I recognized that the victim wanted to maintain a relationship with one of the defendants, and I wanted to afford him the ability to testify in a different manner, if he chose. Additionally, I did not want one defendant’s trial to taint the other defendant’s trial by association. However, I later reversed my position as each defense counsel disclosed they were calling the other defendant as a witness. No longer was my reason for maintaining separate trials present, and I reversed my position to allow both defendants tried at the same time. The subject material was difficult to hear and the victim struggled with the adversarial questioning of the defense attorneys. After the verdicts, I spoke with the Jury. The jurors took their duty very seriously and read and re-read the jury instructions so they could unanimously reach a verdict. The jury deliberated for only a couple of hours, which was amazing as they had two defendants and five different criminal charges to consider. Several weeks later, I imposed sentences on both defendants. I spent a considerable amount of time preparing my sentence comments. I chose to impose sentences that were above the requests of the State and the defense counsel. This jury trial is significant to me for several reasons: this was my first jury trial ever in my career, the difficulty level increased with trying two defendants at one time, the subject matter was heart wrenching, and the local press was present (another first in my career). The second case which I would say is significant to me, is a case in which the defendant was involved in a motor vehicle hit and run death. The defendant accepted a plea. The difficulty came at sentencing. The courtroom was filled with people in support of both the dead victim and the defendant. The local newspapers were present and were taking pictures of the defendant during sentencing argument. The pre-sentence investigation report brought to light numerous social media statements made by the defendant while she was awaiting charging, plea hearing dates and sentencing. At sentencing, defense counsel attempted to present evidence and victim shame in an effort to support an argument for lesser sentence. I stopped the presentation of evidence and victim shaming with strong, but appropriate statements. I imposed a harsher sentence than requested by the prosecution and defense. This case was significant to me because of the level of emotion on both sides of the case. The victim’s family had lost a loved one and were horrified by the social media comments made by the defendant. The defendant is a very young girl, with young children and she will now be delivering another child while in prison. It was a tough case, with a tough decision to make, but as a Judge we don’t get to shy away from tough decisions. Describe your legal experience as an advocate in criminal litigation, civil litigation, and administrative proceedings. During my years in private practice, I represented clients in many areas of the law. Small claims, landlord tenant disputes, restraining orders, and all areas of family law. I represented the best interests of children and adults as a Guardian ad Litem in family placement, juvenile and guardianship matters. I represented clients in Department of Natural Resources administrative proceedings. I was appointed by the Department of Justice and the Federal Bankrutpcy Court to mediate foreclosure actions. I also acted as a child placement mediator for Kewaunee County, and performed private mediation services as requested by attorneys for various types of legal matters. Describe an instance when you were challenged and had to exhibit courage in the face of adversity or opposition and how you handled that situation. Maintaining my position as a Circuit Court Judge appointed by a Democratic Governor in a largely Republican County is one of the largest challenges I have encountered. I am not a politician. I have never run in an election. I am truly a non-partisan candidate in a non-partisan election, but in today’s political climate, my opponent who is Republican has a distinct advantage. My opponent’s prior stated party affiliation, along with the number of years she has been present in the community as the District Attorney enhances the adversity in my quest to be victorious in this contested election. My opponents listed endorsements range from my fellow current sitting judge to retired judges and most of the City and County law enforcement. Because I was appointed by a Democratic Governor, much of the public assume I am a Democrat. I’ve even been called a baby killer. I am facing this challenge by meeting as many people as I can. I attended every summer parade and picnic in the County, attended every Town Board meeting in the County, and speaking to civic organization memberships. I explain who I am and why it makes sense that I remain the Circuit Court Judge in Marinette. Additionally, I am working hard at being the best Circuit Court Judge I can be. I treat all litigants with empathy and respect, and strive to be efficient, effective, and fair. As a truly non-partisan candidate, I am free from any political influence both on and off the Bench. I have one job and one goal, to remain the Branch I, Circuit Court Judge in Marinette County. Do you support requiring a justice or judge to recuse him/herself from cases involving donors and indirect supporters who contribute money or other resources to the judge's election? If not, why not? If so, why, and what contribution limits would you set? I believe there are different levels of inappropriate contributions depending on the level of Judge or Justice. Certainly $200 to a Circuit Court Judge has more impact than to a Supreme Court Justice. I believe a list of contributors for all levels of Judges is a necessary disclosure. I have chosen to not allow monetary contributors and be solely funded as I do not want to create conflicts. Conflicts at a County level can have substantial impact based on the number of available attorneys in the area. We have very few attorneys in Marinette County, and to lose the ability to hear cases of any attorney in a two Judge County because of campaign funding contributions could make conflict of interest resolution very difficult. I do have a few local attorneys who provide campaign strategy advise. When those attorneys are involved in a case before me, I disclose their involvement so all parties are aware, and anyone can request my recusal. In summary, no matter the level of contribution, I think disclosure is absolutely necessary. It would take a substantial amount of research and thought to setting levels of contribution that would create an automatic recusal. I don’t think one level for all counties would be appropriate based on population and size of the County. I also don’t think one amount for all types of judicial races would be appropriate. Certainly, the levels should be cognizant of the type of race, Circuit Court vs. Appellate Court vs. Supreme Court, and have relation to the population and area of coverage. What are the greatest obstacles judges face when trying to deliver true justice? What can or should be done about them? [Define “true justice” as you see fit.] I believe the greatest obstacle judges face are the lack of resources available to dispense justice on several levels. There are simply not enough criminal defense attorneys for the amount of indigent defendants. Defendants are waiting months for public defender appointments. There are not enough attorneys willing to take Dean appointments, so defendants who do not qualify for public defenders are waiting for months to obtain an attorney through a Dean appointment. The lack of attorneys is clogging the judicial calendars, and jails with defendants whose cases are delayed because of lack of representation. Treatment courts, such as mental health court, drug court, Veteran’s court are being discontinued because of the lack of resources within County budgets and personnel. We especially experience this discontinuation of treatment courts in rural and northern counties. This leaves us with putting these defendants through the same system that has a shortage of criminal defense attorneys and further clogs the justice system. We need incentives. We need to make it attractive for attorneys to take positions in rural and northern counties. Such as, school debt assistance and housing assistance. We need some type of funding program made available to counties that make it a priority to offer treatment courts, so that county personnel will be made available to take part in the treatment court programs. Once upon a time, large firms would have their newer associate attorneys work pro bono cases and public defender appointments or Dean appointments. This gave them invaluable experience before they began working with paying clients. Large firms have gotten away from having their young associates take these types of cases. If some incentive was given to large firms to return to this practice, we may have more attorneys available for the indigent. Finally, the law schools need to stop catering just to large cities and large law firms. I understand that a significant portion of their donations come from the large law firms, but that doesn’t stop the need in the rural and northern counties. The law schools should be working for the good of all, not just a select few based on the size of the donation. Provide any other information you feel would be helpful to potential voters deciding for whom to vote. I have six years of experience on the Bench. Prior to taking the Bench in August, 2024, I served as the Court Commissioner, Family Court Commissioner and Register in Probate for Oconto County for the past five years. This is important information to the voters of Marinette County for a couple of reasons. If you are in private practice, or an attorney in public service, transitioning to the Bench takes time. It requires a shift in mindset. When you are a practicing attorney, you become well versed in an area of law, and you are accustomed to advocating from one side of a legal argument. As a judicial official you have to have knowledge in several areas of the law, and you must hear both sides of an argument and make an unbiased decision. Because I have been on the Bench for six years, I have already made this transition, thereby making me an efficient and effective Judge. Because I have been on the Bench for six years, I have minimal conflicts of interest, unlike a local practicing or local public service attorney. Imagine the number of contacts a local private or public service attorney has made during his/her career. Each one of those contacts, and the contacts of his/her office creates a conflict. It can take years for a local attorney, like a District Attorney, to get past the conflicts which have been created during his/her employment in the county. There is minimal need for recusal, substitutions and/or other judges to be brought in to hear my cases based on a conflict. Marinette County has already made an investment in me as their Judge during the last six months, why start all over with a new Judge. I want to make good on the investment that the Marinette County citizens have already made in me and continue to serve as the Branch I, Marinette County Circuit Court Judge.
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